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Cat allergy in human subjects is usually caused by the major cat allergen Fel d 1 and is found in approximately 10% of the Western population. Currently, there is no efficient and safe therapy for cat allergy available. Allergic patients usually try to avoid cats or treat their allergy symptoms.

Allergen-specific IgE measurements and the clinical history are the cornerstones of allergy diagnosis. During the past decades, both characterization and standardization of allergen extracts and assay technology have improved. Here we discuss the uses, advantages, misinterpretations, and limitations of ImmunoCAP IgE assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific/Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden) in the field of allergology.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a TH1 lymphocyte–biased fibrosing alveolitis caused by antigens ranging from avian excreta, fungi, thermophilic bacteria, and protozoa to reactive chemicals found in the workplace. Mimicking a viral syndrome, acute exposures to inciting antigens cause abrupt onset of nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and chills with arthralgias or malaise usually from 4 to 8 hours later so that the temporal relationship between antigen exposure and symptoms might be unsuspected. The histology of HP reveals prominent lymphocyte infiltrates that thicken the alveolar septa with poorly formed granulomas or giant cells.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is a clinically and cost-effective allergy treatment that modifies the course of the disease and has long-lasting effects.1x1Cox, L., Calderón, M., and Pfaar, O. Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy for allergic disease: examining efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of current and novel formulations. Immunotherapy. 2012; 4: 601–616

Type I allergic reactions to plant-derived food: A consequence of primary sensitization to pollen allergens https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80062-5 Patients with pollen allergy also frequently experience allergic symptoms on ingestion of plantderived foods (fruits, vegetables, and spices). 1-3 The association of certain pollen allergies with food intolerance has led to the definition of clinical syndromes such as the celery-mugwort-birch pollen syndrome, the apple-birch pollen syndrome,and similar phenomena. More than 10 years ago, it was suggested that IgE antibodies that cross-react with pollen and food proteins could be responsible for the observed clinical phenomena.

Allergen-specific IgE measurements and the clinical history are the cornerstones of allergy diagnosis. During the past decades, both characterization and standardization of allergen extracts and assay technology have improved. Here we discuss the uses, advantages, misinterpretations, and limitations of ImmunoCAP IgE assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific/Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden) in the field of allergology.

Background Over the last decades, genomics and proteomics have contributed to the current knowledge of individualized allergenic components and their potential use in the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated allergies. Recent investigations have demonstrated that Alt a 1 should be considered as a relevant allergen of the Pleosporaceae group and that enolase is the main allergen involved in the cross‐reactivity to fungi. However, the real utility of these allergens as tools for the diagnosis of allergy to Alternaria is still unclear. Objective To demonstrate the current value of the available fungal allergen panel and the need to build an accurate mould allergen array for the diagnosis of allergy to Pleosporaceae.

The extensive use of allergen molecules in birth cohort studies revealed that atopic sensitization is a sequential IgE response to distinct non–cross-reacting molecules from the same allergenic source (ie, molecular spreading), starting with an initiator molecule. This phenomenon reaches different degrees of progression (monomolecular, oligomolecular, and polymolecular) according to the individual atopic propensity and allergen exposure, thus producing an extreme heterogeneity of IgE sensitization profiles in patient populations. In patients with allergic rhinitis, the broader the IgE molecular sensitization profile, the greater is the risk of asthma and other allergic comorbidities, such as oral allergy syndrome.

Background: There is an increasing interest in targeted application of probiotic bacteria for prevention and treatment of airway diseases, including allergies. Here, we investigated the beneficial effects of preventive intranasal treatment with probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus GR-1 in a mouse model of allergic asthma.

Asthma is the most prevalent chronic disease of childhood. Recently, we identified a critical window early in the life of both mice and Canadian infants during which gut microbial changes (dysbiosis) affect asthma development. Given geographic differences in human gut microbiota worldwide, we studied the effects of gut microbial dysbiosis on atopic wheeze in a population living in a distinct developing world environment.

Primary human blood-derived mast cells (MCs) were generated from peripheral blood precursors, sensitized with patients' sera, and then incubated with allergen. MC degranulation was assessed by means of flow cytometry and mediator release. We compared the diagnostic performance of MATs with that of existing diagnostic tools to assess in a cohort of peanut-sensitized subjects undergoing double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge.

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in development of the immune system and regulation of immune responses. This review summarizes the association between the intestinal microbiota and the development of allergic sensitization, eczema, and asthma in neonates and children. Overall, a greater relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae and a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae is associated with the development of allergic sensitization, eczema, or asthma. Reduced bacterial diversity can be associated with the development of allergic disease.

Background: Allergic diseases have become a major public health problem in affluent societies. Microbial colonization early in life seems to be critical for instructing regulation on immune system maturation and allergy development in children. Even though the oral cavity is the first site of encounter between a majority of foreign antigens and the immune system, the influence of oral bacteria on allergy development has not yet been reported.

Background The intestinal metabolome reflects biological consequences of diverse exposures and may provide insight into asthma pathophysiology.

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is thought to be clinically effective and safe in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma, and stinging insect allergy in Europe and North America. However, there are intercontinental differences in AIT therapeutic products in terms of their application and regulation.

Patients of allergic rhinitis (n=52) sensitized to dust mite were treated with subcutaneous immunotherapy using standardized D. pteronyssinus (Dp) extract. Patients with allergic rhinitis (n=14) sensitized to dust mites who received medications alone were controls. Specific IgE and IgG4 against Dp, D.farina(Df) and corresponding major allergens of group 1 (Dp1 and Df1) and group 2 (Dp2 and Df2) were measured before AIT, 6 months and 12 months later.

Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is a frequent cause of severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in children. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has shown promising results with immunological changes occurring during desensitization. Our team at the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre has demonstrated an increase in serum IgG4 during the escalation and maintenance phases of milk OIT. We assessed the changes in salivary IgG4 during milk OIT, as a potential non-invasive biomarker of desensitization.

Gibberellin‐regulated protein (GRP) is a new allergen in peach allergy, with an amino acid sequence very well conserved through several botanical species. We investigated the allergenicity of GRP in fruit allergies other than peaches and identified the clinical characteristics of fruit allergy patients with GRP sensitization. One hundred consecutive Japanese patients with fruit allergies were enrolled in the present study. To identify the features of GRP sensitization, we selected patients with negative ImmunoCAP results for Bet v 1 homologs and profilin, which are marker allergens for pollen‐food allergy syndrome (PFAS), or lipid transfer protein. These patients underwent specific immunoglobulin E measurements by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and skin prick tests (SPT) using purified nPru p 7.

IgE to galactose-α-1,3-galactose and the α-Gal syndrome: Insights from basophil activation testing　https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.029　All Authors:Jeffrey M.WilsonMD, PhDThomas A.E.Platts-MillsMD, PhD

Disease severity in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is directly correlated with colonization by Staphylococcus aureus.1 An increasing body of evidence now also supports a role for S aureus in the pathogenesis of AD in genetically susceptible subjects.2 Increased prevalence of S aureus preceding and coinciding with AD onset in an infant cohort suggests that early skin colonization can contribute to the development of clinical AD. However, these findings only partially explain the complex role of this organism given that another birth cohort4 did not demonstrate S aureus colonization before development of infantile AD but did show a protective effect of commensal staphylococci against later development of AD.